![]() ![]() That the urban variety of Bluefields should constitute the basis for There are also Creole speakers in Bonanza, La Rosita, Siuna,Īnd some other smaller settlements as well as in Managua and on the PacificĬoast of the country in general ( Decker & Keener 1998). Speakers themselves identify at least the variants of Bluefields, theĬorn Islands, Pearl Lagoon, Rama Cay, Orinoco, and Bilwi (cf. Some Mestizos ( Ruiz Carrión 1998: 40 URACCAN 1998). Rama, Nicaraguan Garifuna, and some Miskito, and as an L2 by other Miskitos and Nicaraguan Creole English is spoken as an L1 by 35,000–50,000 ethnic Creoles, the Mestizos to the Miskito Coast drastically accelerated after the 1979 Sandinist Started immediately after the 1894 revolution, the influx of Spanish-speaking Unstable and the United States occupied the territory with only one nine months’īreak from 1912 until 1933, a period remembered with mixed feelings by localĬreoles (cf. Further revolutions in 1909 and in 1926 kept the region politically AsĪ result of an 1894 revolution Nicaragua annexed the region ( Holm 1983b: 98 ġ986: 16). The United States put the Miskito Coast under Nicaraguan protection in 1860. Varieties in question have become obscured. Due toįrequent back and forth migrations, exact genetic relationships between the creole were recruited to work on the Miskito Coast. Significant numbers of Jamaicans, Cayman Islanders, San Andresans and Blacksįrom the Southern U.S. During the late 19th and early 20th century, Nicaraguan Corn Islands by 1810 and Pearl Lagoon, north of Bluefields, during Old Providence and San Andres served as springboards in the colonization of the ![]() Since then, Nicaraguan Creole English has undergone influence from several other Western Caribbean creoles: Off-shoot of Nicaraguan Creole English ( Holm 1986: 13). Due to the forced exodus of 2,000 settlersĪnd their slaves in 1786 to Belize, Belizean Creole constitutes a direct Until the first half of the 18th century. 1983b: 97) estimates that Nicaraguan Creole English did not jell Old Providence in 1641 when it was captured by the Spanish ( Holm 1978: 179–180 Group to be incorporated by the Miskito was constituted by slaves who fled from ![]() Providence traded with the Miskito Coast (see survey chapter on San Andres Creole English, Bartens). Oldest English-based varieties in the Americas ( Holm 1978: 5 1983b: 95).ĭuring its short existence (until 1641), the Puritan community of Old As a result, Nicaraguan Creole English can be considered one of the The Miskito Coast of Nicaragua was settled by the British during theġ630s. It is spoken as an L2 by other Miskito and some ![]() Nicaraguan Creole English is also the L1 of the Rama (whose variety is the mostĭivergent of the varieties of Nicaraguan Creole English), the Nicaraguan The majority of speakers are ethnic Creoles but Estimates of speaker numbers varyīetween 35,000 and 50,000. ( RegiónĪutónoma Atlántico Norte ‘Northern Atlantic Autonomous Region’), roughlyĬomprising the area formerly known as the “Miskito Coast”, as well as inĭiaspora communities within Nicaragua (above all in the capital Managua) andĪbroad (above all in the United States). ( Región Autónoma Atlántico Sur ‘SouthernĪtlantic Autonomous Region’) and R.A.A.N. theĬlosely related creoles of San Andres and Old Providence (see Bartens) and Belize (see Escure). Genetic relationships with the other Western Caribbean creoles, e.g. Subsequent migration patterns have nevertheless obscured exact In some cases, missing data for very small territories is not used in the cartogram and that area is therefore omitted in the map.įurther notes on the data, as well as all modifications to the original data source are noted in our data sheets.Nicaraguan Creole English is the oldest English-lexifier creole in The language numbers we use and publish are rough estimates, and should not be taken as definitive. We aim to map as complete data as possible and therefore estimate data for missing values. Estimating the number of speakers of a language is fraught with difficulty on several levels (last accessed January 2009). This map uses data several sources, the main one being Ethnologue (15th Edition, 2005). The maps in the 2005 language data series are made from data on the number of people speaking a language as their first-language, that is the language they would use at home. Territory size shows the proportion of all people who speak Creole English as a first language that live in that territory. ![]()
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